Why do fathers prefer daughters May 6, 2022 · The mother-daughter bond is considered the strongest human bond. This influence happens in many dadvsspawn. Your Parents Probably Do Have a Favorite Child Both mothers and fathers prefer daughters to sons. Oct 4, 2017 · Mothers are more likely to spend money on daughters and fathers are more likely to spend on sons -- despite the fact that parents think they are spending equally -- new research indicates. Jul 8, 2013 · This also could play a role in why daughters experience more tension with their siblings when fathers favor them. So why do fathers prefer their daughters more? In summary, there are the following main reasons. On the other hand popular writers mock and denigrate any attempt by a father to protect his daughter from predatory men. Do fathers treat sons and daughters differently? Whilst parents may not intend to treat sons and daughters differently, research shows that they do. Jan 17, 2025 · Parents are more likely to favor daughters and more-agreeable children, new research suggests, although the findings may only apply to people from certain demographics. Why do fathers prefer their daughters? Babies often prefer their primary caregiver Most babies naturally prefer the parent who's their primary caregiver, the person they count on to meet their most basic and essential needs. Psychologists have now proven that it’s essential for the child to develop these Jun 8, 2014 · Fathers are extremely important, especially to their daughters. Why do fathers love their daughters more than their sons? This is probably because feelings are more acceptable in girls. Do fathers spend more time with sons than daughters? Fathers (18–20) [and, in some cases, both parents (21)] spend more time with sons than with daughters. If this is your domain name, please visit this page to see how to register it as DNS zone into your account. 1. Parents are supposed to love all their children equally - but subconsciously, they may be biased, a new study suggests. Posted June 17, 2018 | Reviewed by Jessica Schrader May 17, 2016 · Fathers, be good to your daughters Daughters will love like you do ~ “Daughters,” by John Mayer We hear a lot about the importance of male role models in a boy’s life. So I think it feels more like you're "living on" in a same-sex child. "The gender difference may occur because fathers, as other studies have shown, often invest more in their sons, thus, the favoritism shown toward daughters may violate these norms and result in greater sibling tension," Gilligan said. Your web site will be displayed soon. Do fathers like sons or daughters more? At least since 1941, men have told pollsters by more than a two-to-one margin that they would rather have a boy. Do fathers prefer sons or daughters? At least since 1941, men have told pollsters by more than a two-to-one margin that they would rather have a boy. Aren’t u worried ur daughters would do that Reply reply beaudiful-vision • Reply reply More repliesMore replies [deleted] • Fathers see their sons as a sort of "mini me" in a way they can't ever really see their daughters, and vice versa for moms and sons. Debate aside, this medical advancement has brought to light that some parents prefer one sex over the other. Date: January 16 Jul 7, 2022 · As per a study by the American Psychological Association, fathers of daughters aged 1- 3 years are more attentive and responsive to the needs of their daughters than fathers of boys of the same ages. Jan 16, 2011 · Physically more attractive parents are more likely to have daughters than physically less attractive parents, both in the United States and in the United Kingdom. As a matter of fact, this applies to where I live, the Philippines. Jan 18, 2025 · …Well, that checks out. These patterns are something observed throughout history. Feb 23, 2011 · Research Questions What are the factors of fathers that influence their decision to discuss issues relating to sex and sexuality with their daughters? How does the fathers’ education, ethnicity, marital status, relationship with daughter, and religion relate to father daughter communication about sex and sexuality? The specific issues being examined are sexual behavior regarding STD’s and Mothers prefer daughters and fathers prefer sons - but the female bias is stronger, study says. This profound connection, often underestimated in its significance, forms the cornerstone of a daughter’s emotional development and future relationships. In fact, according to Meg Meeker’s research, when girls and dads have a stronger connection, daughters do better in life on a number of different levels. Sons appear to get preferential treatment in that they receive more helpful praise, more time is invested in them, and their abilities are often thought of in higher regard. Our ndings are somewhat consistent with research fi between families. [sc: inlinead] Is There a Gender Ratio Bias Towards Boys? Yes Do daughters love their fathers? Daughters naturally crave connection with their fathers, and they especially cherish emotional and physical affection from their fathers. Taking all of this evidence together, the authors conclude that parents in the United States do have a preference for boys over girls. Society expects girls to show emotions more readily than boys. Feb 2, 2025 · Surprising Findings in Familial Preferences The researchers initially thought that mothers would tend to favor daughters and fathers would favor sons. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The study published in the APA’s journal Behavioral Neuroscience examined the brain responses of fathers to their children—male or female—to analyse how dads interact with their children. In a family, after the daughter is 3 years old, she gradually gets closer to her father, and the father also seems to be caring for her daughter at this time. Whats the reasoning behind this natural affection to the opposite gender? People who are parents, what's your take on this? This doesn't only happen in Indian families. It may be that fathers like living with sons more than with daughters and, since fathers generally lose day-to-day access to their children in divorce, fathers in marginal marriages may be more likely to want to stay married if a child is a son. These include: -fathers shape their daughters’ self esteem Aug 19, 2020 · Doyin Richards thought he wanted boys before learning girls play catch, fight, and get dirty just the same. If they have a daughter, the father just gets to love his daughter, encouraging her to do good things and chasing away the THOT-bois who he can detect want her body for sex. The evidence doesn't seem that clear to me. This has left many confused wondering, does a father have a unique obligation to protect his daughter? Do parents prefer sons or daughters? Gallup has been polling Americans about their baby gender preferences since 1941, and the results are consistent — there's always a slight preference for sons over daughters. Jul 20, 2020 · What is it about a father daughter bond that seems so special? And what does it mean for self-esteem? Girls tend to favor their dad, while boys tend to latch on to their mother. com This domain is registered for one of our customers. ) If you are an expectant parent or just a curious individual who wants to learn more about why some people prefer sons to daughters, read on. But importantly, those issues have little or nothing to do with daughters themselves Do fathers prefer sons or daughters? (Even as an overall inclination toward girls seems to have arisen, though, both American moms and dads express a desire for a child of their own sex—and dads have on average a much stronger desire for sons than moms do for daughters. In most parts of the world, a preference exists for sons over daughters. White families can have that too where some parents love their sons more and get tougher on their daughters. In our recent research, we explored what makes some May 29, 2017 · Nothing all that surprising there. Final thoughts on sons and daughters Whilst parents may not intend to treat their sons and daughters differently, research shows that they do. This means that dads really do model what their daughters learn to expect from relationships. When I was younger I thought I wanted one of each, but fate gave me only daughters. It means the world to a dad when he gets a peek into his daughter’s world. However, the study found that both mothers and fathers were more likely to favor daughters. Jan 4, 2024 · Wright’s insightful analysis explains why some young women are so emotional about the rejection they felt from their fathers. I'm a man and a father, and I prefer daughters. In this video, we explore the emotional truth behind the special bond between fathers and daughters — and why it plays a critical role in their confidence, self-worth, and future relationships. Do parents love their sons or daughters more? Statistically speaking, daughters win the day, but sons win dad by a nose. Why? This is relative to security and safety issues and Jun 27, 2011 · We know that fathers play a key role in the development and choices of their daughters. And the famous saying that, "daughters steal your man" and Men are always mamma boys. Feb 18, 2019 · Research shows that a daughter’s relationship with her father casts a long shadow on her academic performance, career success, relationships, and emotional well-being. Is this because we’re naturally more accommodating and giving? Nov 12, 2018 · A Rutgers-led experimental study found that women prefer and invest more in daughters, while men favor and invest more in their sons. Jan 20, 2025 · New research published by the American Psychological Association (APA) reveals that parents are likely to favor daughters, as well as children who are conscientious and agreeable. Researchers recorded and studied the way fathers spoke to and played with their children to understand whether fathers interact differently with their sons than with their daughters. How were they that made you love or hate them? Why is it that you love your dad or hate them? Edit: Thank you so much for the detailed answers. Read on more to find out! Oct 8, 2020 · So, let’s hear it for great dads! Here are five reasons why fathers are so important to their daughters. As much as many parents would prefer to raise children in a gender-blind society, fathers still need to confront issues that are unique to daughters. Why do some parents do that? Again, not only Indian parents do this but any parents can. When my 3-year-old wants to play outside, he calls my name. sons and explore the science behind these unique parenting dynamics and emotional connections. Jan 19, 2024 · Daughters feel more protected with their dads than their moms. Your dad may be reacting with pseudo-anger because he doesn't want to openly display how sad it makes him that it's becoming harder and harder to live in the denial that his daughter is growing up. Feb 22, 2023 · The researchers probed for the reasons behind this, exploring whether the parents’ willingness to spend reflected a return-on-investment approach (which child, son or daughter, would provide old-age care) or simple gender preference. Have you ever wondered why little boys seem to like trucks and little girls seem to like dolls? It may have to do with the way they are at birth. However, it may also have to do with how their parents treat them. Jun 11, 2025 · “Daddy’s little girl” isn’t just a cultural cliché—it reflects a deep, evolutionary pattern of how fathers invest in their daughters. Anyone can become a father, but it takes the soul to be a father. Aug 27, 2014 · As but one example, a Finnish study of nearly 4,000 ninth-grade girls found that “stepfather-daughter incest was about 15 times as common as father-daughter incest”. Jan 16, 2025 · Concerning gender, parents are more likely to favor daughters, the analysis concluded, and concerning personality, they are more likely to favor children who are agreeable and conscientious. Feb 15, 2023 · Why do first daughters look like their fathers? There's an old theory that says first-born babies were genetically predispositioned to look more like their father. A study of college students in different countries revealed mothers provide more support to college students than do fathers, and adult daughters receive more support from parents than do adult sons (Fingerman et al. Jun 18, 2018 · Reasons why daughters are the closest to their father. A daughter needs to have a healthy relationship with her father. The study suggest that there is an undiscovered gene, which determines whether a man's sperm contains more X or Y chromosomes, which ultimately impacts the gender of his children. Moms opted to be more critical to their daughters than their sons as they thought it’s necessary for their girls. A son would have been fine but I don't regret having only daughters in the least. About 40% of parents, across the decades, have told researchers that if they could only have one child, they would want a boy. I had a female friend where she gets scolded and blamed alot by her parents but her brother gets away with things, and they're Apr 8, 2022 · You may ask why do daughters love their fathers so much even after having listed down all of these reasons for you, and all I’d say is, why not! Temukan keberuntungan dan hiburan di Vio88! Dengan beragam permainan yang menarik dan peluang besar untuk meraih kemenangan, setiap putaran adalah petualangan baru. But any other families. While there is little difference between how fathers and mothers love their children, daughters are more likely to care for their May 26, 2017 · In a report published in Behavioral Neuroscience, Mascaro and her team found that fathers tended to use more analytical language when speaking with their daughters than when talking to sons, says Oct 3, 2023 · Find out how fathers shape their daughters' futures. In fact, according to Meg Meeker's research, when girls and dads have a stronger connection, daughters do better in life on a number of different levels. Jan 16, 2019 · So mothers, be good to your daughters too. Explore the impact of fathers on agency, academic achievement, and overall well-being. Dads often don’t understand how daughters feel. Jan 16, 2025 · Altogether, they looked at five domains: overall treatment, positive interactions, negative interactions, resource allocation and control. Jan 19, 2012 · Boy or Girl? Why Dads Want Sons, but Moms Want Daughters Women strongly prefer daughters while men wants sons, a study finds. Jan 18, 2012 · SOURCE: The full study, "Gender Bias in Offspring Preference: Sons Still a Higher Priority, But Only in Men -- Women Prefer Daughters" (PDF), is published in the journal Open Anthropology. Jun 19, 2022 · With Father's Day coming around the corner, we have a 12-listing article which hints at why daughters are more attached to dads than their moms. It should also say something profound to today’s fathers about their own vulnerable little girls. I would love to learn from your experiences. One cannot just be a father without taking up the paternal responsibilities. Do fathers love their daughters more than their wives? As a father and a husband myself, I can tell you that there is a difference in the feelings I have for my wife and my daughter. Takedown request | View complete answer on nber. I had one comment explain how this guys daughter lost her v card and then the guy left her and how she didn’t care and didn’t care about what her dad thought. Dad’s Create the Gold Standard for Future Romantic Relationships As they get older daughters frequently pick mates who have similar attributes to their father. The study of gender biases appears in the journal Scientific Reports. I wouldn't be disappointed with a son, but if my wife got pregnant again, I'd prefer it to be another girl. May 25, 2017 · “Most dads are trying to do the best they can and do all the things they can to help their kids succeed, but it’s important to understand how their interactions with their children might be subtly biased based on gender,” Mascaro said. Here, we asked whether student status conditions midlife parent/child gender differences. Jun 17, 2018 · Parenting 5 Reasons Kids Tend to Put Moms Ahead of Dads Why dad is an evolutionarily distant second to mom. Even better, dads don't have to go to extraordinary lengths to make this happen. These findings are somewhat surprising, given the prevailing theory that preference for sons or daughters is based less on the sex of the parents than on their socioeconomic status. Mothers prefer daughters and fathers prefer sons - but the female bias is stronger, study says. This is especially true after 6 months when separation anxiety starts to set in. See full list on fatherly. Nov 29, 2018 · Dads Prefer Sons, Moms Prefer Daughters And other trends in parents’ hopes for the sex of their children By Joe Pinsker Thomas Peter / Reuters Do daughters prefer fathers or mothers? Daughters naturally crave connection with their fathers, and they especially cherish emotional and physical affection from their fathers. A new study shows that mothers prefer daughters and fathers prefer sons, regardless of economic background, contradicting an earlier well-known hypothesis. Jun 13, 2007 · The daughters were asked to rate their paternal relationships looking at areas such as how much a father engaged in bringing up his daughter, how much leisure time he spent with her and how much Jun 14, 2017 · A new study claims that the relationships between dads and daughters are important for shaping daughters' future sexual behavior. Dads also tend to spoil their daughters with gifts and stuff like that whereas moms don’t and will instead try to teach their Feb 20, 2019 · As per a study by the American Psychological Association, fathers of daughters aged 1-3 years are more attentive and responsive to the needs of their daughters than fathers of boys of the same ages. Parents also report more happiness in families with sons (26). Now I wouldn't have had it any other way. Engaged fathers “school” their daughters about what the average teenage guy is thinking. I think. Apr 25, 2019 · For girls that have no father around, it’s harder for them to accept how their mother is raising them. In fact, daughters are often closer to their fathers. Jan 16, 2025 · Do parents really have a favorite child? Here's what new research says Parents tend to favor younger siblings, daughters, and the more agreeable -- often without realizing it. The instrumental role a father plays in the life of his daughter leaves a mark that can't be changed. Older women are the only people I've interacted with since becoming a dad (3yo daughter) who have made comments that made either respond passive aggressively, raise an eyebrow or something similar. By way of summary, one author lists a number of reasons why fathers are so important to their daughters. Mar 5, 2018 · Unmarried fathers are less likely to marry pregnant mothers if an ultrasound shows that the baby is a girl, and parents of daughters are more likely to divorce. Could this lead to sex selection? Here are 3 ways that girls and dads generally love spending time connecting with one another, and ways that dads can easily influence their daughters. Posted January 10, 2009 | Reviewed by Ekua Hagan May 25, 2017 · The findings showed that fathers of little girls tended to be more responsive to their daughters' needs than fathers with toddler sons, and they spoke more openly to daughters about emotions It is said that the daughter is the lover of the father in the previous life. Ever wondered why daughters bond so deeply with their fathers? Here are 15 psychological and emotional reasons why baby girls may prefer their dads. Mar 7, 2025 · Why Does Society Still Prefer Sons Over Daughters? In 2025, despite advancements in gender equality, a staggering 70% of families in certain regions still express a preference for sons over … Mar 7, 2025 · Why Does Society Still Prefer Sons Over Daughters? In 2025, despite advancements in gender equality, a staggering 70% of families in certain regions still express a preference for sons over … Apr 11, 2019 · American parents (still) prefer boys — and it's hurting their daughters' test scores April 11, 2019 Christina Le Beau, UCLA Anderson Review Credit: iStock/wdragon Such men may unconsciously think that while they are mostly at a disadvantage connecting with kids compared to mom, it will be less so with a son than with a daughter, because at least dad understands being male in a way mom does not. Sep 12, 2024 · A father’s love is a guiding force, shaping his daughter’s world and forging an unbreakable bond that echoes through the corridors of time. They find that the preference-based explanation is likely—that fathers care more about sons than daughters, and mothers don’t display that tendency. It tells us why the most casual negative remark made by a dad years ago still echoes in his daughter’s heart. To see if fathers interact diferently with their sons than with their daughters, we recorded and studied the way dads spoke to and played with their kids. This means that dads start engaging their daughters at an emotional level while they are still toddlers. Jun 15, 2025 · And maybe one Father’s Day, not too long from now, we’ll reach the point where daughters and sons are simply children: equally loved and equally welcomed. I’m his first choice for games and activities, and I’m proud of it. A New Lens This research and perspective on the power of father-daughter relationships can and should be a critical lens through which policymakers, academics, therapists, fathers, mothers, pop-icons, and even Hyde Park soap-boxers make sense of many of the problems in our world today. Children report no differences. The really surprising part of the study, however, was that the fathers of sons had stronger responses to their sons’ neutral facial expressions than the fathers of daughters, indicating that dads might actually prefer emotional ambiguity and stoicism for sons – whether they want to admit it or not. May 26, 2017 · In the latest study on how parents interact with their daughters and sons, researchers led by Jennifer Mascaro and her colleagues at Emory University focused on fathers. The only time that sons are easier to raise is when they are teenagers, and you don't have to deal with the fluctuating hormones like you do with daughters on their cycle. Daughters who have these traits grow into happy, and successful adults. Jun 8, 2017 · A new study provides one of the first in-depth analyses at how fathers interact with their children and what it might mean for understanding early gender roles. org Why do fathers love their daughters more than their sons? This is probably because feelings are more acceptable in girls. It may take few minutes. Jun 14, 2019 · The teenage girl who has a good relationship with her father AND knows that her father disapproves of her being sexually active is more likely to refrain from sex to avoid disappointing her father. But even for women whose fathers had been neglectful or abusive, I found a hunger for approval. But when he scrapes his knee, or gets scared, or wakes up in the middle of the night, he wants Mommy Every parent wants a healthy baby, but do parents prefer whether their baby is a son or a daughter? Gender preference is a hotly debated topic. No generalisations, but Mothers seem to love their sons more than the daughters and fathers seem to love their daughters more. Daughters who love their father or hate theirs, why? I recently had my first daughter and I really want to do this the right way and not mess it up. That is, daughters do not perceive that they are favored more than sons, and vice versa. Those aged 18 to 29 prefer a boy Why most mothers prefer sons than daughters? Mothers are more appreciated when their first born is a boy and prefer boys to girls, the favorite child is often the boy, can this affect children when older? We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Jul 27, 2022 · Discover the profound impact of father-daughter relationships on a girl's development, success, and well-being. This is a good thing, as fathers have a lot to add to their daughters’ lives and they play a vital role in shaping them. Daughter, because there is always that special bond between father & daughter that isn’t always necessarily there with a father & son. I have found that asking open-ended questions about her likes, dislikes, and inviting her to share her feelings about them—versus asking what she is doing and why—opens that window without putting her on the defensive. Mom has to deal with the puberty talk while dad is only permitted to do the more fun stuff listed above and facilitate the grimy work of raising a child for mom. Do mothers prefer sons and fathers prefer daughters? Designed to test the impact of parental resources on offspring sex preferences, the research showed that women prefer and are more likely to invest in their daughters and men in their sons. One of the reasons is because she obviously favors my brother. Researchers conducted an online experiment to test the 1973 Trivers-Willard hypothesis, which Jul 15, 2013 · It has left many daughters asking themselves: When it comes to creating a closer relationship with dad, how close is too close? And how do you create space without creating distance? First, after controlling for other moderators, our models suggest that parents report they slightly favor daughters over sons (a small effect). Personally, I don’t think it’s fair to say I – or most guys – love my daughter or wife […] Aug 2, 2022 · Fathers can’t raise girls the same way they raise boys. Women have only a slight preference for daughters. So when parents don’t love daughters like sons, for instance, what should be done? It’s actually more common for parents to prefer sons according to scientific I was always closer to my mom, my daughter is closer to me than her dad, and a large majority of the women I work with are closer to their mothers than their fathers. I had a hard time accepting how my mother was raising me thinking that she didn’t love me. It is indeed important We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Nov 6, 2018 · Women would prefer to have daughters and are more likely to invest more in their girl children than in boys, while men (slightly) prefer boys, new US and Finnish research reveals - marking a May 2, 2025 · Why do first born daughters look like their dad? There’s an old theory that says first-born babies were genetically predispositioned to look more like their father. , 2016). Here are 10 reasons father-daughter relationships are so crucial in a young woman's development. Learn how fathers can nurture this crucial bond and set their daughters up for lifelong happiness and achievement. But why do you sometimes feel that fathers prefer daughters? On the one hand, the birth of a daughter brings special feelings to the father. Note: If you already have registered the DNS zone for your domain name, please wait for DNS propagation. Worldwide, cultures do tend to value boys more than girls, which affects the overall gender ratio of boys to girls. Debate surrounds the recent phenomenon of ‘ designer babies ‘ in which parents choose their child’s sex before birth. clubHot Trends Lists:Patio Table Cover Jul 30, 2019 · Fathers play with daughters just as intensely as they play with sons (However), fathers are better able to adjust their play to meet their sons' emotional needs, and not overstep boundaries/upset the child Mothers are better able to adjust their play to meet their daughters' emotional needs This goes along with a lot of other research that children prefer to interact with their same sex parent Generally, yes, and this is proven by research. The Jun 7, 2024 · In the hearts of parents, both sons and daughters are extremely lovely. Oct 12, 2018 · Why do so many privileged girls, whose fathers work to give them overseas holidays, ski trips and the latest smart phones, feel like they're missing out? The answer lies in the struggle of many . Do fathers prefer daughters or sons? At least since 1941, men have told pollsters by more than a two-to-one margin that they would rather have a boy. Jul 21, 2022 · Like many fathers, I’m the fun parent, not the comfort parent. Why do fathers love their daughters? Loving fathers who provide praise, support, and unconditional love give their daughters the gift of confidence and high self-esteem. Nov 25, 2023 · Despite cultural preference for sons in some Asian societies, researchers from Monash University Malaysia found that living with daughters is positively associated with happiness in old age. Jan 16, 2025 · Parents really do have favorite children, and these tend to be daughters, first-borns and those who display conscientious traits, according to a meta-analysis published today by the American Sep 19, 2022 · If you wonder why daughters are often called ‘daddy’s little girl’, on the occasions of Daughters Day, here're 5 reasons they're their dad's favourite. We also looked at how Oct 31, 2017 · Stories of fathers sleeping with their daughters, biological or adopted, never seem to leave people gaping in wonder. Hot Trends - Best10. Jul 6, 2023 · Dads play a big role in their daughters’ emotional & mental well-being. The intricate dance between fathers and daughters has captivated researchers, psychologists, and Second, parents with girls are more likely to be divorced or separated than parents with boys. Fathers more often marry and stay married in families with sons (22, 23), although evidence for this is mixed (24, 25). Nov 24, 2024 · Learn why fathers respond differently to daughters vs. Here are some reasons why. There is a bond between father and daughter that the male psyche is wired for. Why do narcissistic mothers favor their sons over daughters? I suspect my mother is narcissistic for many reasons. It seems that this is all arranged in advance. com Dec 23, 2016 · Before we tackle the question of why parents prefer sons over daughters, let’s review some fundamental concepts of evolutionary biology and psychology. Apr 25, 2025 · A heartwarming Reddit post explaining why men prefer having daughters has gone viral, leaving social media users emotional. We will also discuss how this is changing in the United States, as more parents would like to have daughters than they did before. Jul 5, 2018 · Preferences for a son or daughter also vary among age groups, with younger Americans more likely to express a preference for a specific sex than older Americans. Why do dads like their daughters more? Jan 18, 2012 · SOURCE: The full study, "Gender Bias in Offspring Preference: Sons Still a Higher Priority, But Only in Men -- Women Prefer Daughters" (PDF), is published in the journal Open Anthropology. Aug 3, 2022 · But, even if mothers and daughters are more similar, it does not necessarily mean they are closer. Jan 10, 2009 · Play When Parents Play Favorites Sometimes, parents prefer one child over another. Girls here are more protected than boys – girls have stricter curfews and plenty of standards to oblige. The difference: teaching empowerment and leaning in. Here, we explore the 5 reasons why fathers are important to their daughters. Saying things like “your brother turned out to be the good one” And telling my dad that she can’t stand me and that (brothers name) is her favorite. org Why do some men only have daughters? Men inherit their tendency to have sons or daughters from their parents: Study. The researchers initially thought that mothers would tend to favor daughters and fathers would favor sons.