Using botometer 2020). We found many bots exploiting both the cognitive, confirmation and popularity biases of their victims and Twitter’s algorithmic biases. After completing the Preliminary Activity, you will first use reference sources to find out more about transpiration before you choose and investigate a researchable question dealing with transpiration rate. It looks like this: Apr 9, 2018 · The Center team again tested the accuracy of all thresholds of the Botometer score using these externally coded data. [1] The rate of transpiration can be estimated in two ways Sep 15, 2022 · What is the potometer experiment? A Potometer experiment is performed to estimate the transpiration rate in different plants. Code for fetching data from news sources. It measures the water uptake rather than the water evaporating from the leaves. Recent studies highlight bots' involvement in political elections, public health debates, and spreading misinformation. Given its relevance for academic research and our understanding of the presence of automated accounts in any given Twitter Nov 9, 2025 · Estimating the Rate of Transpiration Using a Potometer Introduction A potometer is a device used to measure the rate at which a plant loses water through transpiration. This post discusses the aim, requirements and steps to measure transpiration using Ganong's photometer. Download scientific diagram | Common links for using Botometer. Cut the plant shoot underwater to avoid introducing air into the xylem vessels, ensuring consistent water Botometer vs tweetbotornot2 Accuracy of tweetbotornot versus botometer across multiple datasets: 1 The built-in classifier was trained using [up to] the most recent 200 tweets from each user. We introduce how Botometer works, the di erent ways users can access it, and present a case study as a demonstration. 42 maximized accuracy of the classification system – very close to the 0. To design an experiment to test the effects of temperature or humidity on transpiration rates, you can follow these steps. Drawing of a Potometer A potometer' (from Greek ποτό = drunken, and μέτρο = measure), sometimes known as transpirometer, is a device used for measuring the rate of water uptake of a leafy shoot which is almost equal to the water lost through transpiration. Afterward, download the botometer’s CSV file. This algorithm’s output is a probability on a scale of 0 to 1, where 1 indicates that a Twitter account is managed by a bot. With advances in Generative AI, these bots are now able to generate highly realistic and complex content, making detection a significant challenge. By changing the surrounding atmospheric conditions, the effect on transpiration of wind, heat, and humidity can be measured. It is also known as transpirometer. , 2016), is a particularly well-established bot detection tool that many inuential studies and organisations, for fl example the PEW Research Center, use (Wojcik et al. , 2018). 1. Botometer serves as a case study for evolving bot detection methods, reflecting ongoing challenges and advancements. The loss in weight by the plant during that time is due to the loss of water by transpiration. . We introduce how Botometer works, the different ways users can access it, and present a case study as a demonstration. Using a straw potometer is a quick and easy way to demonstrate how to use a potometer to measure the rate of transpiration in a plant. You can apply at developer. It is important to keep in mind that measuring the rate of transpiration using a potometer is an indirect measurement. papers Master Ganongs Potometer-understand its principle, steps, and use cases easily. A practical guide for high school biology. The scores are numbers between 0 and 5, calculated using the BotometerLite model. 2 Kudugunta and ferrara [2] have considered features such as number of status count, friends, followers, friends, whether user account is verified or not and geo-enabled status. First, we look at how a bubble potometer is set up. , 2019). Additionally, it suggests varying environmental conditions such as light, wind, humidity, and Dec 21, 2021 · Summary Chapters Video Info Supplementary material Kaicheng Yang, PhD candidate, Observatory on Social Media at Indiana University-Bloomington, discusses detecting social bots on Twitter with a Botometer, including what a Botometer is, what it does, and how the Botometer API works. These tests found a threshold of approximately 0. As water is transpired or otherwise used by the plant, it is replaced from the reservoir on the right. mated (Sayyadiharikandeh et al. It does so by measuring the rate of water uptake by a shoot from a woody plant. Botometer is a joint project of the Observatory on Social Media ( [OSoMe]) and the Network Science Institute ( [IUNI]) at Indiana University. To replicate this case study, you will need a valid Twitter developer key with access to the V1 API. Give two precautions the students should have taken when setting up the potometer to obtain reliable measurements of water uptake by the plant shoot. Technical & teaching notes for a hands-on biology experiment. Higher scores mean more bot-like activity. Some topics to consider in your reference search are: transpiration cohesion-tension theory water potential osmosis stomata water Using a potometer to measure transpiration is a resource that supports the use of practicals across various new 2015 A-level biology specifications (OCR, AQA, Edexcel and Eduqas). It emphasizes the importance of airtight connections and describes how to set up the apparatus, introduce an air bubble, and measure its movement over time. A capillary tube is inserted into a horizontal glass bar In this investigation students look at the rate of water uptake by a shoot, due to transpiration, using a simple but effective potometer. Cut the plant shoot underwater to avoid introducing air into the xylem vessels, ensuring consistent water Nov 21, 2024 · By using a potometer, researchers can study how each of these factors impacts water uptake and loss in plants, contributing to a deeper understanding of plant-environment interactions. Learn about transpiration in plants using a potometer. coli in urine samples. Using Botometer is a great way to check the authenticity of a Twitter account and avoid being duped by fake accounts. We fol-low recommended guidelines for using Botometer, though some issues, such as the transient nature of Botometer scores, are unavoidable in the context of our current s Malicious social bots constitute 9-15% of active Twitter accounts, influencing online discourse and data integrity. In the Initial Investigation, students create a potometer with a pressure sensor and monitor microclimate conditions using a weather sensor. The most common type is the bubble potometer. Assembled using low cost parts, the apparatus offers an affordable potometer Oct 22, 2024 · Using vegetation for ground improvement is a sustainable, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective approach. Keywords: Bot detection; Botometer; Social bots; Twitter. To calculate the score, A potometer experiment is a setup that helps in estimating the transpiration rate and factors affecting transpiration. Social Bots and the AI Threat In mid-2023, Yang discovered a new breed of social bots driven by large language models, including OpenAI’s ChatGPT. Botometer vs tweetbotornot2 Accuracy of tweetbotornot versus botometer across multiple datasets: 1 The built-in classifier was trained using [up to] the most recent 200 tweets from each user. Dec 21, 2021 · Kaicheng Yang, PhD candidate, Observatory on Social Media at Indiana University-Bloomington, discusses detecting social bots on Twitter with a Botometer, including what a Botometer is, what it does, and how the Botometer API works. All you need is an internet connection. Activity 1: Measurement of Transpiration as Water Loss under Photometers can be really difficult to get to work and also for students to see the uptake of water when it comes to transpiration. May 17, 2019 · Botometer In python, we use the library called botometer to know if a particular tweet was made by a bot or not. Measuring Transpiration Transpiration can be measured by an instrument called a potometer. To demonstrate how to use Botometer for bot detection in research, we provide a simple case study and share the source code here. In this video, we will show how to successfully set up a Ganongs In this video, we look at how to use a bubble potometer and a mass potometer to measure the rate of water uptake into a plant. There are two main types of potometer used in schools – the mass potometer, which measures transpiration through the loss of mass, and the moving-bubble potometer, which measures water uptake by the shoot. Then, they will have the opportunity to design their own inquiry experiments to test additional variables. While not explicitly discussing the diagnostic ability of Botometer, Fernquist, Kaati, and Schroeder (2018) indicate in their study of Swedish Twitter data that Botometer struggles with non-English language tweets and report that their own supervised classi er outperforms Botometer. A potometer is an apparatus used to determine the transpiration rate of the cut shoot at the desired time. If these accounts are queried, Botometer X will return the bot scores and corresponding timestamps. Assessing the impact of changing humidity and air movement on plant uptake of water provides essential experience for understanding plant adaptations. Researchers should use the results of Botometer X at their own discretion. This revision note includes diagrams and a method using a bubble potometer. Method: 1. Some species of plant develop with differing densities of stomata according to their environmental conditions Calculating surface area (SA) can be done using the tried and true method with graph paper, but if you have cameras and computers available students can also use ImageJ — a free image analysis tool from the National Institute of Health. Assembled using low cost parts the apparatus offers an Learn how a potometer shows the rate of transpiration and the associated calculation. Four suggested plant species are Coleus, Oleander, Zebrina, and two week old bean seedlings. But water taken up by the plant can also be used for photosynthesis and other processes. Check the wind speed at the plant with an anemometer placed just in front of the plant at leaf height. 3, identify which antibiotics showed a statistically significant correlation between the number of prescriptions and the presence of resistant strains of E. Botometer provides an overall score and predictions for different types of bots, in-cluding spambo s, astroturf bots, and fake followers. The botometer library uses a machine learning algorithm trained on tens of thousands of labelled data. Wind speed. The main reason for water uptake by a cut shoot is transpiration (evaporation in plants) and is affected by the transpiration stream. Start learning with Vedantu’s expert tips! Dec 26, 2024 · Revision notes on Practical: Investigating the Rate of Transpiration for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. Why is colored water used in a potometer We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. " To demonstrate how to use Botometer for bot detection in research, we provide a simple case study and share the source code here. Sep 24, 2024 · Learn the temperature & wind speed investigation for your IGCSE Biology exam. Under the hood, Botometer X leverages the BotometerLite model that generates a score based on user metadata. Aug 23, 2021 · We search for bots in political discourses on Twitter, using three different bot detection methods: Botometer, Tweetbotornot and “heavy automation”. This rate of water uptake is due to transpiration. It is also called a transpirometer. May 15, 2024 · Botometer X Botometer X (formerly Botometer), is an online tool that employs machine learning to categorize X accounts as either bot or human based on various profile features such as connections, social network layout, activity over time, language usage, and sentiment. Find information on factors that affect transpiration, measuring water uptake and variable control. Cut a leafy shoot underwater to prevent air from entering the xylem vessels Jan 10, 2019 · Using Botometer in conjunction with Hoaxy, we analyzed the core of the misinformation network during the 2016 U. Bot Sentinel Besides its browser extension, Bot Sentinel offers an online Twitter analytics dashboard to help you search and identify whether an account is a bot or Oct 4, 2022 · In Sect. Sep 19, 2023 · The rate of transpiration cannot be accurately determined using a potometer because all the water that is taken by the plant is not involved in transpiration. Practical 10. Also, potometer only measures the rate of uptake of water. Potometer readings will typically vary according to factors in the environment, such as temperature, light, humidity, breeziness and the available supply of water for the plant. The potometer measures This simple potometer allows students to measure the rate of transpiration of a plant within a one-hour lesson. A level Biology (OCR) Comparison of transpiration rates Technical & Teaching Notes Introduction and context The rate of transpiration in a plant varies depending on a range of conditions, including light intensity, relative humidity, wind speeds and temperature. Including precautions you should take Botometer X® checks the activity of a Twitter account and gives it a score based on to extent to which it matches accounts that use automation. We also discuss recommended practice for using Botometer. We drew a sample of 122,884 unique user Twitter accounts that had produced 263,821 tweets contributing to five political discourses in five Western democracies. Oct 22, 2020 · The identification of bots is an important and complicated task. The increase in shear strength and stiffness of soil is mainly due to the suction induced by root water uptake and the mechanical reinforcing effect Using Botometer is a great way to check the authenticity of a Twitter account and avoid being duped by fake accounts. In this paper we will use the term \bot" throughout. A simple potometer is a piece of capillary To measure water uptake by a plant. Give a reason for your answer. The experiment will utilize a potometer to measure the rate of water uptake by a plant shoot, which serves as an indirect measure of transpiration. Transpiration is the process by which plants move water from the roots to their leaves for photosynthesis in xylem vessels. 2 and Table 2. Feb 6, 2019 · We use the case study of Botometer, a popular bot detection tool developed at Indiana University, to illustrate how people interact with AI countermeasures. Sep 12, 2022 · CNN's Clare Duffy explains how to use Botometer, the software Musk used to make his initial estimate for the number of bots on the site. Using a potometer (above), one can study the effect of various environmental factors on the rate of transpiration. The API endpoint allows users to fetch scores in bulk using a list of user ids or screen names, without the need of a Aug 6, 2021 · Using machine learning algorithms, the Botometer application programming interface (API) assesses a number of characteristics of a specified account in order to provide a comparison with known bot accounts. Python botometer library for analysing Twitter feed. Higher scores indicate activities that are more bot-like. The causes of water uptake are photosynthesis and transpiration. 3, we evaluate the performance of Botometer empirically using various samples of Twitter accounts and discuss related research that used a similar approach. Know how to set up a potometer and the procedure for making measurements to measure the rate of transpiration in a plant. Ensure all connections are airtight to prevent air bubbles from entering the system, which could affect the accuracy of the measurements. The Ganong’s potometer comprises a glass tube, which is bent twice, and a glass cylinder having a wide mouth. Botometer Overview Botometer stands as a sophisticated analytical tool designed for the deep examination of Twitter accounts. A user experience survey suggests that bot detection has become an integral part of the social media experience for many users. Dec 30, 2024 · Revision notes on Investigating Temperature & Wind Speed for the Cambridge (CIE) O Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. Generalizability and accuracy of bot Apr 10, 2023 · Botometer (formerly known as BotOrNot) is a tool developed by researchers at Indiana University and the University of Southern California that uses machine learning algorithms to analyze Twitter Botometer is a web-based program that uses machine learning to classify Twitter accounts as bot or human by looking at features of a profile including friends, social network structure, temporal activity, language and sentiment. His talk at UMass’s EQUATE series today focuses… Read More »Kai-Cheng Yang: The Social Bots are Coming… This repository contains the code for the paper "Botometer 101: Social bot practicum for computational social scientists. Practical Techniques use appropriate apparatus to record a range of quantitative measurements (to include mass, time, volume, temperature, length and pH) use appropriate instrumentation to record quantitative measurements, such as a colorimeter or photometer safely and ethically use organisms to measure plant or animal responses physiological Oct 22, 2020 · Even though many new bot detection methods are developed every year—outperforming Botometer in some cases— [, , ], we focus on Botometer as it is by far the most used tool in studies analyzing bots on Twitter [], especially in social science [, , ]. Using Table 2. This tutorial is designed for data scientists and computational social scientists who might not be familiar with Botometer, the machine learning methods behind it, its programmatic interface, or how to interpret its results. In data analysis, they extracted features like the score associated with the sentiment of every tweet and topic mentions. Transpiration - Transpiration Rates (GCSE Biology) Transpiration Rates Using a Potometer to Investigate Transpiration A potometer is a piece of equipment that can help you measure the rate of transpiration (assuming that the water taken up by the plant is related to that which evaporates from the plant). This simple potometer allows students to work individually or in pairs to measure the rate of transpiration of a plant specimen within a one hour lesson. Using a fan to create different wind speeds, either by setting the fan to different speeds or by placing the plant shoot and potometer at different distances from the fan. It includes a list of necessary equipment, potential sources of error, and a step-by-step method for conducting experiments to measure the impact of these factors on water uptake. This is a powerful software and the basics are pretty easy to master. Practical BiologyTranspiration in plants Accurate quantification of the movement of water into plants is possible with a potometer. As of December 2018, Botometer has, per day, handled over 250,000 requests to identify bots (Yang et al. Transpiration In this lab, students investigate the rate of transpiration in plants under normal and humid conditions. In this paper we will use the term “bot” throughout. Bot Sentinel: Bot Sentinel is another free online tool that can detect and analyze Twitter accounts that exhibit bot-like behavior. You can also fetch the bot scores in batch through the API. Why do you think the suction caused by transpiration is considered a negative-feedback mechanism? Discuss the answers to questions 1 and 2 with the class. Human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to the burning of Oct 12, 2025 · A potometer is a device used for measuring the rate of water uptake of a leafy plant shoot. 5 Measurement of the rate of transpiration using a bubble potometer Oxford Mastering Biology 牛津基礎生物學 33. Keywords: Social bots, Twitter, Bot detection, Botometer Introduction The rate of transpiration in a plant varies depending on a range of conditions, including light intensity, relative humidity, wind speeds and temperature, as well as between plant species. Learn to measure transpiration rates using a potometer and estimate stomatal density in plants. A very simple potometer can be made by inserting a leaf-bearing plant The below mentioned article includes a collection of thirteen experiments on transpiration. Under normal circumstances, the rate of water uptake gives a measure of the rate of transpiration. Potometers are notoriously difficult to set Using Botometer can help users identify and filter out automated accounts that may be spreading misinformation, engaging in malicious activities, or influencing public opinion through fake engagement. Botometer “reads” over a thousand different characteristics, or “features,” for Oct 22, 2020 · The identification of bots is an important and complicated task. In this practical, students use a potometer to measure the rate of transpiration. Temperature. Feb 28, 2025 · The proposed HMM-VGAN model is compared using Botometer commerical API. Nov 24, 2024 · Social bots have become increasingly prominent in Online Social Networks, imitating human behavior and raising concerns about their deceptive capabilities. Mar 5, 2025 · However, Botometer’s creator, Kaicheng Yang, criticized this claim and their methodology, stating that the figure was misleading and disclosed that Musk’s team had not consulted him before using the tool [7]. That means all tweets older than the 200th tweet will be filtered out (ignored). We are releasing a new API endpoint for Botometer X. Given its relevance for academic research and our understanding of the presence of automated accounts in any given Twitter A Python API for Botometer by OSoMe. May 21, 2024 · A potometer, or transpirometer, is a device used to measure the rate of transpiration, or the rate of loss of water, from the leaves of a plant. Sep 25, 2024 · United Nations • Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Unlike the original Botometer that fetched data from Twitter and calculated bot scores on the fly, Botometer X is in archival mode and relies on pre-calculated scores based on historical data collected before June 2023. The bot classifier "Botometer" was successfully introduced as a way to estimate the number of bots in a given list of accounts and, as a consequence, has been frequently used in academic publications. Take a well-watered, healthy potted plant and cover the pot with the help of rubber sheet. 43 originally uncovered by Botometer researchers. To measure transpiration rates using a potometer, follow these steps based on the principles of water uptake and the mechanics of the device: Jun 29, 2025 · Using a potometer A potometer is a device that can be used to measure the rate of water loss in plants. Various manipulations to the plant can also affect transpiration rate. Leveraging advanced machine learning technologies, it scrutinizes over 1,500 unique account characteristics, including content composition, the frequency of posts, and follower metrics. 2. Experiment to demonstrate the transpiration phenomenon with the bell jar method: Requirements: Bell jar, well-watered potted plant, rubber sheet, glass plate, Vaseline. Assemble the potometer before Jun 13, 2019 · Detecting Bots On Twitter Using Botometer. May 28, 2025 · Learn about the potometer for your A Level Biology course. from publication: Botometer 101: Social bot practicum for computational social scientists | Social bots have become an important We introduce how Botometer works, the different ways users can access it, and present a case study as a demonstration. 1K subscribers Subscribe Instructional video demonstrating how to measure transpiration rates of a plant using a potometer (Including how to set up the potometer, how the potometer w A set of instructions on how to set up and use a potometer. S. Jan 5, 2022 · We introduce how Botometer works, the different ways users can access it, and present a case study as a demonstration. He’s a recent graduate of Indiana University where he worked with Fil Menczer and is now a postdoc with David Lazer at Northeastern University. The study aims The document outlines an experiment to investigate the rate of transpiration using a potometer, detailing the necessary apparatus and method. Learn how to set up the equipment, collect the data and try some commo Keywords, phrases and learning objectives for this part on transport systems in plants Be able to describe, with the aid of a diagram, an experiment to investigate rate of transpiration using a potometer apparatus. The document outlines an investigation into plant transpiration using a potometer, detailing the factors affecting transpiration rates such as temperature, humidity, air movement, and light intensity. Aug 7, 2025 · Until recently, Botometer users could enter a handle for X, formerly Twitter, and quickly receive Botometer’s prediction on whether an account was run by a human or by a computer program. Ganong’s potometer is used to measure the transpiration rate in a laboratory. Jun 10, 2023 · If the account activity for a searched username is high, it will label the account as bot/fake using its visual meter. Only aerial parts of the plant Jul 2, 2025 · Learn about techniques and gain insights to measure plant water uptake, including soil moisture probes, drip irrigation, and more. There are two main types of potometer used in schools – the mass A potometer is a device, which is used to measure water uptake by the plant shoot during transpiration. Nov 13, 2024 · Revision notes on Practical - Using a Potometer for the OCR GCSE Combined Science A (Gateway) syllabus, written by the Science experts at Save My Exams. Using the potometer, we can record the readings of water uptaken by the cut shoot. Apr 19, 2018 · Botometer is a machine learning system developed by researchers at the University of Southern California and Indiana University. When using Botometer on accounts of known humans, the false-positive rate turns out to be significant. We start with an introduction to how Botometer works and how users can access it. In this lab, you will measure transpiration under various laboratory conditions using a potometer. com. Feb 28, 2023 · Botometer can also detect the likelihood that the bot is using ChatGPT or another language model. For more details, refer to the easy steps to using Botometer. The diagram below shows the apparatus set up for a potometer. The uptake of water can be measured using a potometer. Even though many new bot detection methods are developed every year—outperforming Botometer in some cases— [15, 16, 18], we focus on Botometer as it is by far the most used tool in studies analyzing bots on Twitter [12], especially in social science [5, 7, 10]. Apr 10, 2023 · Botometer is a machine learning algorithm trained to calculate a score where low scores indicate likely human accounts and high scores indicate likely bot accounts. presidential campaign. Educational Purposes: In educational settings, potometers are often used in biology classrooms to teach students about plant physiology. An improvement in the weighing method can be made by using a glass bottle with a graduated side tube, filled with water and a tube fitted into it as shown in Figure below. twitter. Learn how to use the Botometer® tool to try to detect social bots on Twitter. Readers can use the case study code as a template for their own research. Nov 8, 2023 · Kai-Cheng Yang is the creator of Botometer, which was – until 2023 – the state of the art for bot detection on Twitter. Everything you need to know about Using a Potometer for the GCSE Biology B (Triple) OCR exam, totally free, with assessment questions, text & videos. Contribute to osome-iu/botometer-python development by creating an account on GitHub. Procedure Set up the potometer: Fill the potometer with water, ensuring no air bubbles are present. Vaseline is applied around the rubber bungs to ensure an airtight seal, thus the only water loss from the apparatus is via transpiration. Using a botometer to check a Twitter account is free and can be done on any computer. So the actual rate of transpiration may be lower. While various bot detection approaches exist, their effectiveness has not been thoroughly Wind speed. The function of the reservoir is to allow the air bubble to travel back to the start of the measuring Botometer site: Botometer Description: Botometer (formerly BotOrNot) checks the activity of a Twitter account and gives it a score. For details, please refer to the FAQ page. The second tool in our study, Botometer (Davis et al. Activity 1: Pre-Assessment What environmental conditions do you think will most likely cause stomata to open? Which will most likely cause stomata to close? Explain your answer. Nov 21, 2024 · By using a potometer, researchers can study how each of these factors impacts water uptake and loss in plants, contributing to a deeper understanding of plant-environment interactions. The system was trained to recognize bot behavior based on patterns in a dataset of over 30,000 accounts that were first verified by human researchers as either bots or non-bots. Mar 19, 2024 · The accounts were classified as human or bot using Botometer. lcsd ufwywc esfp ygkelg zgoie krp gynyeb gnyebj tztcpbkm zvqzn kfyx wtoyb jok kfc kndip